The Reserve Bank of India has a long tradition of compilation and dissemination of monetary statistics, since July 1935. In view of the ongoing changes in the Indian economy as well as the developments in monetary sector, working groups were set up periodically to review and refine the monetary aggregates. Three working groups were set up so far, viz., the First Working Group on Money Supply (FWG) (1961), the Second Working Group (SWG) (1977) and the “Working Group on Money Supply: Analytics and Methodology of Compilation” (WGMS) (Chairman: Dr. Y.V. Reddy) (1998). Monetary statistics at present are compiled on a balance sheet framework with data drawn from the banking sector and postal authorities. The rationale and analytical foundations behind the compilation of monetary aggregates have been provided to the public through various reports, especially through the reports of the various working groups. Monetary aggregates are published on a regular basis in most of the major publications of RBI, such as Bank’s Annual Report, Report on Currency and Finance, Handbook of Statistics, RBI Bulletin, Weekly Statistical Supplement, etc.
There is no unique definition of ‘money’, either as a concept in economic theory or as measured in practice. Money is a means of payment and thus a lubricant that facilitates exchange. Money also acts as a store of value and a unit of account. In the real world, however, money provides monetary services along with tangible remuneration. It is for this reason that money has to have relationship with the activities that economic entities pursue. Money can, therefore, be defined for policy purposes as the set of liquid financial assets, the variation in the stock of which could impact on aggregate economic activity. As a statistical concept, money could include certain liquid liabilities of a particular set of financial intermediaries or other issuers. Thus, like other countries, a range of monetary and liquidity measures are compiled in India.
1.2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS |
Various monetary and liquidity aggregates are
compiled in India and their definitions are setout Table 1. |
Table 1.1: Measures of Monetary and |
Liquidity Aggregates |
Reserve Money |
= |
Currency in circulation + |
|
|
|
Bankers’ deposits with the RBI |
|
|
|
+ ‘Other’ deposits with the RBI |
|
|
= |
Net RBI credit to the |
|
|
|
Government + RBI credit to the |
|
|
|
commercial sector + RBI’s |
|
|
|
claims on banks + RBI’s net |
|
|
|
foreign assets + Government’s |
|
|
|
currency liabilities to the public |
|
|
|
– RBI’s net non-monetary |
|
|
|
liabilities |
|
|
= |
Currency with the public + |
M1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Demand deposits with the |
|
|
|
banking system + ‘Other’ |
|
|
|
deposits with the RBI. |
|
|
= |
+ Savings deposits of post |
M2 |
|
|
M1 |
|
|
|
office savings banks |
|
|
= |
|
M3 |
|
|
M1+ Time deposits with the |
|
|
|
banking system |
|
|
= |
Net bank credit to the |
|
|
|
Government + Bank credit to |
|
|
|
the commercial sector + Net |
|
|
|
foreign exchange assets of the |
|
|
|
banking sector + Government’s |
|
|
|
currency liabilities to the public |
|
|
|
– Net non-monetary liabilities |
|
|
|
of the banking sector |
|
|
= |
+ All deposits with post |
M4 |
|
|
M3 |
|
|
|
office savings banks (excluding |
|
|
|
National Savings Certificates). |
|
|
= |
Currency with the public + |
NM |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Demand deposits with the |
|
|
|
banking system + ‘Other’ |
|
|
|
deposits with the RBI. |
|
|
= |
+ Short-term time deposits |
NM |
2 |
|
NM1 |
|
|
|
of residents (including and up |
|
|
|
to the contractual maturity of |
|
|
|
one year). |
|
|
= |
+ Long-term time deposits |
NM |
3 |
|
NM2 |
|
|
|
of residents + Call/Term |
|
|
|
funding from financial |
|
|
|
institutions. |
Manual on Financial and Banking Statistics |
|
= |
+ All deposits with the |
L1 |
|
NM3 |
|
|
post office savings banks |
|
|
(excluding National Savings |
|
|
Certificates). |
|
= |
+Term deposits with term |
L2 |
|
L1 |
|
|
lending institutions and |
|
|
refinancing institutions (FIs) + |
|
|
Term borrowing by FIs + |
|
|
Certificates of deposit issued by |
|
|
FIs. |
|
= |
+ Public deposits of non- |
L3 |
|
L2 |
|
|
banking financial companies. |
Net bank credit |
= |
Net RBI credit to the |
to the |
|
Government (i.e., Net RBI |
Government |
|
Credit to the Centre + Net RBI |
|
|
Credit to State Governments) + |
|
|
Other banks’ credit to the |
|
|
Government |
|
|
|
Bank credit to |
= |
RBI credit to the commercial |
the commercial |
|
sector + Other banks’ credit to |
sector |
|
the commercial sector |
Net foreign |
= |
RBI’s net foreign assets + |
assets of the |
|
Other banks’ foreign assets |
banking sector |
|
|
Net non- |
= |
RBI’s net non-monetary |
monetary |
|
liabilities + Net non-monetary |
liabilities of the |
|
liabilities of other banks. |
banking sector |
|
|
Various components of monetary and liquidity aggregates are further set out below:
Currency in circulation’ includes notes in circulation, rupee coins and small coins. Rupee coins and small coins in the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India include ten-rupee coins issued since October 1969, two rupee-coins issued since November 1982 and five rupee coins issued since November 1985. Currency with the public is arrived at after deducting cash with banks from total currency in circulation, as reported by RBI.
‘Bankers’ deposits with the Reserve Bank’ represent balances maintained by banks in the current account with the Reserve Bank mainly for maintaining Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and as working funds for clearing adjustments. ‘Other’ Deposits with the Reserve Bank, for the purpose of monetary compilation, include deposits from foreign central banks, multilateral institutions, financial institutions and sundry deposits net of IMF Account No.1. ‘Net Reserve Bank credit to Government’ includes the Reserve Bank’s credit to Central as well as State Governments. It includes ways and means advances and overdrafts to the Governments, the Reserve Bank’s holdings of Government securities, and the Reserve Bank’s holdings of rupee coins less deposits of the concerned Government with the Reserve Bank. The Reserve Bank’s claims on banks include loans to the banks including NABARD. In case of the new monetary aggregates, the RBI’s refinance to the NABARD, which was earlier part of RBI’s claims on banks, has been classified as part of RBI credit to commercial sector. The ‘Reserve Bank’s credit to the commercial sector’ represents investments in bonds/shares of financial institutions, loans to them and holdings of internal bills purchased and discounted. ‘Government’s currency liabilities to the public’ comprise rupee coins and small coins.
he Reserve Banks net foreign assets are its holdings of foreign currency assets and gold. The gold reserves of Issue Department of the Reserve Bank were valued at Rs. 21.24 per tola till October 5, 1956; thereafter, at Rs. 62.50 per tola till January 31, 1969 and subsequently at Rs. 98.44 per tola (Rs.84.39 per 10 gms) up to October 16, 1990. From October 17, 1990 gold is valued at the end of the month at 90 per cent of the daily average price quoted at London for the month. The rupee equivalent is determined on the basis of exchange rate prevailing on the last business day of the month. Unrealised gains/ losses are adjusted to the Currency and Gold Revaluation Account (CGRA). The Reserve Bank’s net foreign exchange assets take into account the impact of appreciation in the value of gold following its revaluation close to international market price effective October 17, 1990. Such appreciation has a corresponding effect on Reserve Bank’s net non-monetary liabilities.
Other liabilities of the Reserve Bank’ include internal reserves and provisions of the Reserve Bank such as Exchange Equalisation Account (EEA), Currency and Gold Revaluation Account (CGRA), Contingency Reserve and Asset Development Reserve. The reserves, viz., Contingency Reserve, Asset Development Reserve, CGRA and EEA reflected in ‘Other Liabilities’ are in addition to the ‘Reserve Fund’ of Rs.6,500 crore held by the Reserve Bank as a distinct balance sheet head. Gains/losses on valuation of foreign currency assets and gold due to movements in the exchange rates and/or prices of gold are not taken to Profit and Loss Account but instead booked under a balance sheet head named as CGRA. The balance represents accumulated net gain on valuation of foreign currency assets and gold. CGRA was earlier known as Exchange Fluctuation Reserve (EFR). The balance in EEA represents provision made for exchange losses arising out of forward commitments. Contingency Reserve represents the amount set aside on a year-to-year basis for meeting unexpected and unforeseen contingencies including depreciation in value of securities, exchange guarantees and risks arising out of monetary/ exchange rate policy compulsions. In order to meet the internal capital expenditure and make investments in subsidiaries and associate institutions, a further specified sum is provided and credited to the Asset Development Reserve.
Net non-monetary liabilities (NNML) of the Reserve Bank’ are liabilities which do not have any monetary impact. These comprise items such as the Reserve Bank’s paid-up capital and reserves, contribution to National Funds (NIC-LTO Fund and NHC-LTO Fund), RBI employees’ PF and superannuation funds, bills payable, compulsory deposits with the RBI, RBI’s profit held temporarily under other deposits, amount held in state Governments Loan Accounts under other deposits, IMF quota subscription and other payments and other liabilities of RBI less net other assets of the RBI. Similarly, NNML of banks include items such as their capital, reserves, provisions, etc. NNML of the banking sector includes NNML of the Reserve Bank and that of other banks.
Currency with the public’ is currency in circulation less cash held by banks. ‘Demand deposits’ include all liabilities which are payable on demand and they include current deposits, demand liabilities portion of savings bank deposits, margins held against letters of credit/ guarantees, balances in overdue fixed deposits, cash certificates and cumulative/ recurring deposits, outstanding Telegraphic Transfers (TTs), Mail Transfers (MTs), Demand Drafts (DDs), unclaimed deposits, credit balances in the Cash Credit account and deposits held as security for advances which are payable on demand. Money at Call and Short Notice from outside the Banking System is shown against liability to others.
‘Time deposits’ are those which are payable otherwise than on demand and they include fixed deposits, cash certificates, cumulative and recurring deposits, time liabilities portion of savings bank deposits, staff security deposits, margin money held against letters of credit if not payable on demand, India Millennium Deposits and Gold Deposits.
‘Net bank credit to Government’ comprise the RBI’s net credit to Central and State Governments and commercial and co-operative banks’ investments in Central and State Government securities. ‘Bank credit to commercial sector’ include RBI’s and other bank’s credit to commercial sector. Other banks’ credit to commercial sector includes banks’ loans and advances to the commercial sector (including scheduled commercial banks’ food credit) and banks’ investments in “other approved” securities.
The acronyms and are used to NM1, NM2 NM3 distinguish the new monetary aggregates [as proposed by the Working Group on Money Supply: Analytics and Methodology of Compilation (WGMS) (Chairman: Dr. Y.V. Reddy), June 1998] from the existing monetary aggregates. and are based on the NM2 NM3 residency concept and hence do not directly reckon non-resident foreign currency repatriable fixed deposits in the form of FCNR(B) deposits, Resurgent India Bonds (RIBs) and India Millennium Deposits (IMDs). Residency essentially relates to the country in which the holder has a centre of economic interest. Currency and deposits held by the non-residents in the rest of the world sector would be related to balance of payments considerations such as international capital flows rather than to the domestic demand for monetary assets or to the use of money in domestic transactions. While there is a need to categorise deposit liabilities by residency, it may not be appropriate to exclude all categories of non-resident deposits from domestic monetary aggregates as nonresident rupee deposits are essentially integrated into the domestic financial system. Therefore, only non-resident repatriable foreign currency fixed deposits are excluded from deposit liabilities and treated as external liabilities. Accordingly, from among the various categories of nonresident deposits, FCNR(B), Resurgent India Bonds (RIBs), and India Millennium Deposits (IMDs) were classified as external liabilities and excluded from the domestic money stock. Other major features of the new monetary and liquidity aggregates are as follows:
1.Compilation of four measures of monetary aggregates, and three measures of liquidity aggregates besides a comprehensive financial sector survey. NM0 is essentially the monetary base, compiled mainly from the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India; purely reflects the non-interest NM1 bearing monetary liabilities of the banking sector; includes besides currency and NM2 current deposits, saving and short-term deposits reflecting the transactions balances of entities. was redefined to reflect NM3 the call funding that the additionally to NM2 banking system obtains from other financial institutions
2. Bank credit is often specifically referred, in monetary economics, as a critical variable affecting consumption and capital formation in a direct manner. As such it is often regarded as a more useful indicator of real sector activity than money supply. In India, one of the objectives of monetary policy is clearly stated in official documents as one of ensuring adequate flow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy. While credit to government from the banking system is clearly identified, bank credit to the commercial sector, includes only advances in the form of loans, cash credit, overdrafts, bills purchased and discounted, and investments in approved securities other than government securities. However, commercial banks have in recent years been investing in securities such as commercial paper, shares and debentures issues by the commercial sector, which are not reflected in the conventional credit aggregates. The definition of bank credit has been broadened to include such investments.
3. Net foreign exchange assets (NFA) of the banking sector comprise the RBI’s net foreign exchange assets and the net foreign currency assets of the banking system. Net foreign currency assets of the banking system comprise their holdings of foreign currency assets net of i) their holdings of non-resident repatriable foreign currency fixed deposits which is presently defined to include FCNR(B) deposits and ii) overseas foreign currency borrowings.
4. In the new monetary aggregate NM3, capital account consists of paid-up capital and reserves. ‘Other Items (net)’ is the residual, balancing the components and sources of the monetary and banking accounts and includes other demand and time liabilities, net inter-bank liabilities, etc., as applicable.
1.3 COVERAGE
At present monetary aggregates are compiled based on the data from the scheduled commercial banks, cooperative banks, urban cooperative banks and the post offices. The coverage of co-operative banks has increased over time (Table 1.2). As regards co-operative banks, data up to February 1970 include State cooperative banks, while the data from March 1970 onwards are inclusive of central co-operative banks and primary co-operative banks.
1.3.1 Changes in the Compilation
There was a change in the treatment of apportionment of savings deposits into its two components - demand and time in March 1978. Savings bank accounts are bifurcated into demand and time portions depending on whether interest is actually paid on such deposits. Banks are required to report such classification on the basis of the position as at close of business at September 30 and March 31 instead of as at end-June and as at end-December as done hitherto.
The evolution of methodology of compilation of monetary aggregates in India has been encapsulated in the table appended below (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2: Money Stock Measures: Evolution of Methodology of Compilation |
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Components (C) |
|
|
|
C.I. Currency with the |
C.I. Currency with the |
C.I. Currency with the |
|
Public (C.I.1+C.I.2-C.I.3- |
Public (C.I.1+C.I.2-C.I.3- |
Public (C.I.1+C.I.2-C.I.3) |
|
C.I.4-C.I.5) |
C.I.4) |
|
|
C.I.1 Notes in circulation |
C.I.1 Notes in circulation |
C.I.1 Notes in circulation |
|
C.I.2 Circulation of Rupee |
C.I.2 Circulation of |
C.I.2 Circulation of |
Comprise rupee coins and |
coins and small coins i.e., |
Rupee coins and small |
Rupee coins and small |
small coins. Ten-rupee |
Government’s currency |
coins i.e., Government’s |
coins i.e., Government’s |
coins issued since |
liabilities to the Public |
currency liabilities to the |
currency liabilities to the |
October 1969, two rupee- |
|
Public |
Public |
coins issued since |
|
|
|
November 1982 and five |
|
|
|
rupee coins issued since |
|
|
|
November 1985 are |
|
|
|
included under rupee |
|
|
|
coins. Net of return of |
|
|
|
Indian notes from |
|
|
|
Pakistan. |
C.I.3 Currency returned |
C.I.3 Currency returned |
|
|
by Pakistan |
by Pakistan |
|
|
C.I.4 Cash in hand with |
C.I.4 Cash in hand with |
C.I.3 Cash in hand with |
The FWG considered only |
banks i.e., commercial |
the banking system i.e., |
the banking system |
commercial and state co- |
banks and state co- |
commercial banks, state |
|
operative banks while the |
operative banks |
co-operative banks, |
|
SWG extended the |
|
central co-operative |
|
coverage to central co- |
|
banks and primary co- |
|
operative banks and |
|
operative banks |
|
primary co-operative |
|
|
|
banks consisting of urban |
|
|
|
co-operative banks and |
|
|
|
salary earners’ societies. |
C.I.5 Balance of the |
|
|
Since August 1967, |
Central and State |
|
|
balances held at |
Governments held at |
|
|
treasures have not been |
treasuries |
|
|
included in the measure |
|
|
|
in view of their meagre |
|
|
|
amounts. |
C.II. Aggregate Deposits |
C.II. Aggregate Deposits |
C.II. Aggregate Deposits |
With the inclusion of |
with Banks (C.II.1+C.II.2) |
with the Banking System |
held by Residents with |
central and urban co- |
|
(C.II.1+C.II.2) |
the Banking System |
operative banks, the SWG |
|
|
(CII.1+C.II.2-C.II.2.2.1- |
treated inter-bank |
|
|
C.II.2.3.1) |
deposits with the banking |
|
|
|
system as part of net |
|
|
|
non-monetary liabilities |
|
|
|
[i.e., other items (net) as |
|
|
|
defined by the Working |
|
|
|
Group on Money Supply |
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
(WGMS): Analytics and |
|
|
|
Methodology Compilation. |
|
|
|
The WGMS recommended |
|
|
|
that aggregate deposits |
|
|
|
should be on residency |
|
|
|
basis, thereby excluding |
|
|
|
repatriable foreign |
|
|
|
currency fixed deposits |
|
|
|
held by non-residents, |
|
|
|
e.g., FCNR(B) deposits, |
|
|
|
from money supply. |
C.II.1 Demand Deposits |
C.II.1 Demand Deposits |
C.II.1 Demand Deposits |
|
with banks (including |
with the banking system. |
with the banking system. |
|
inter-bank demand |
|
|
|
deposits with state co- |
|
|
|
operative banks) |
|
|
|
C.II.2 Time Deposits with |
C.II.2 Time Deposits with |
C.II.2 Time Deposits held |
The WGMS recommended |
banks (including inter- |
the banking system. |
by Residents with the |
a break-up of time |
bank time deposits with |
|
banking system. |
deposits into CDs and |
state co-operative banks) |
|
(CII.2.1+C.II.2.2+ |
other time deposits on |
|
|
C.II.2.3) |
the basis of maturity |
|
|
|
structure partitioned at |
|
|
C.II.2.1 Certificates of |
one year. |
|
|
Deposit (CDs) |
|
|
|
C.II.2.2 Short-term1
time |
|
|
|
deposits |
|
|
|
Currency Repatriable |
|
|
|
Deposits held by Non- |
|
|
|
deposits |
|
|
|
C.II.2.3.1 Foreign |
|
|
|
Currency Repatriable |
|
|
|
Deposits held by Non- |
|
|
|
Residents |
|
|
|
C.II.3 Savings Accounts |
|
|
|
C.II.3.1 Time Liabilities |
|
|
|
portion of Savings |
|
|
|
Accounts |
|
|
C.III. ‘Other’ deposits |
C.III. ‘Other’ deposits with |
|
|
with the RBI (C.III.1- |
the RBI (C.III.1-C.III.2- |
|
C.III.1 Other Deposits |
C.III.1 Other Deposits |
C.III.1 Other Deposits |
|
with the RBI |
with the RBI |
with the RBI |
|
First Working Group
(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group
(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money
Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
C.III.2 IMF Deposits with |
C.III.2 IMF Deposits with |
C.III.2 IMF Deposits with |
|
RBI in Account No.1 * |
RBI in Account No.1 * |
RBI in Account No.1 * |
|
|
C.III.3 RBI Employees’ |
C.III.3 RBI Employees’ |
Balances under Reserve |
|
Pension/ Provident/Co- |
Pension/ Provident/Co- |
Bank Employees’ |
|
operative Guarantee |
operative Guarantee |
Pension/Provident and |
|
Funds |
Funds |
Co-operative Guarantee |
|
|
|
Funds have been |
|
|
|
excluded from money |
|
|
|
supply since January |
|
|
|
1964. |
|
C.III.4 Compulsory |
C.III.4 Compulsory |
Balances under |
|
Deposits with RBI |
Deposits with RBI |
Additional Emoluments |
|
|
|
(Compulsory Deposits) |
|
|
|
Act 1974 and the |
|
|
|
Compulsory Deposit |
|
|
|
Scheme (Income Tax |
|
|
|
Payers) Act were excluded |
|
|
|
from money supply |
|
|
|
effective August 16, 1974 |
|
|
|
and December 13, 1974, |
|
|
|
respectively. |
|
C.III.5 Profits of the RBI |
C.III.5 Profits of the RBI |
|
|
held temporarily under |
held temporarily under |
|
|
other deposits and |
other deposits and |
|
|
subscriptions to state |
subscriptions to state |
|
|
governments’ loans |
governments’ loans |
|
|
pending allotment |
pending allotment |
|
|
C.IV. Post Office Total |
C.IV. Post Office Total |
Post Office Deposits were |
|
Deposits |
Deposits |
included in the monetary |
|
|
|
aggregates by the SWG. |
|
C.IV.1 Post Office |
C.IV.1 Post Office |
|
|
|
|
The WGMS recommended |
|
Savings Deposits |
Savings Deposits |
|
|
|
|
that these should be part |
|
|
|
of liquidity aggregates. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.V. Call/Term Money |
Borrowings represent |
|
|
Borrowings by Scheduled |
money at call and short |
|
|
Commercial Banks from |
notice obtained from |
|
|
non-bank sources |
outside the banking |
|
|
(excluding PDs) |
system, but exclude |
|
|
|
refinance from RBI and |
|
|
|
financial institutions. |
C.IV. Money Supply with |
C.V. Narrow Money |
C.VI. Narrow Money |
There is a break in the |
the Public |
|
|
M1 series following the |
|
(M1)(=C.I+C.II.1+C.III) |
(M1)(=C.I+C.II.1+C.III) |
|
(=C.I+C.II.1+C.III) |
|
|
reclassification of |
|
|
|
demand and time |
IMF Account No. 1
The IMF conducts its financial dealings with a member through the fiscal agency and the depository designated by the member. In addition, each member is required to designate its central bank as a depository for the IMF’s holding of the member’s currency, or if it has no central bank, a monetary agency or a commercial bank acceptable to IMF. Most members have designated their central banks as both the depository as well as the financial agency.
The depository maintains without any service charge or commission, two accounts that are used to record the IMF’s holdings of the member’s currency the IMF’s account no. 1 and IMF’s account no. 2 The no. 1 account is used for IMF transactions, including subscription payments, purchases and repurchases and repayment of resources borrowed by IMF.
First Working Group
(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group (SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
components of savings |
|
|
|
accounts vide
circular |
|
|
|
DBOD.No.Ref.BC.127/C- |
|
|
|
96(Ret)-77 dated October |
|
|
|
15, 1977. |
|
(=C.V.+C.IV.1) |
(=C.VI + |
|
|
C.VI. M2 |
C.VII. M2 |
|
|
|
C.II.2.1 + C.II.2.2- |
|
|
|
C.II.2.2.1+ C.II.3.1) |
|
C.V. Aggregate Monetary |
|
|
Data on aggregate |
|
C.VII. Broad Money (M3) |
C.VIII. Broad Money (M3) |
|
Resources (=C.IV+C.II.2) |
(=C.V + C.II.2) |
(=C.VII + C.II.2.3- |
monetary resources |
|
|
C.II.2.3.1 + C.V) |
proposed by the FWG |
|
|
|
were first published in |
|
|
|
the Bank’s Annual Report |
|
|
|
1964-65 and in the |
|
|
|
Report on Currency and |
|
|
|
Finance 1967-68. |
|
(=C.IV+C.VII.) |
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C.VIII. M4 |
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(=C.IV+C.VIII) |
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C.IX. L1 |
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C.X. Term Deposits of |
Includes IDBI, ICICI, |
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Financial Institutions |
IFCI, IIBI, EXIM Bank, |
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(FIs) |
TFCI, NABARD, SIDBI |
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and NHB |
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C.XI. Certificates of |
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Deposit issued by FIs. |
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C.XII. Term Borrrowings |
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by FIs. |
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(=C.IX +C.X+ |
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C.XIII. L2 |
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C.XI +C.XII) |
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C.XIV. Public Deposits |
Includes NBFCs having |
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by Non-Banking |
public deposits of Rs. 20 |
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Financial Companies |
crore or above |
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(NBFCs) |
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(=C.XIII + |
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C.XV. L3 |
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C.XIV) |
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SOURCES (S) |
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S.I Net Bank Credit to |
S.I Net Bank Credit to |
S.I Net Bank Credit to |
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Government Sector |
Government Sector |
Government (S.I.1+S.I.2) |
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(S.I.1+S.I.2) |
(S.I.1+S.I.2) |
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S.I.1 Net RBI Credit to |
S.I.1 Net RBI Credit to |
S.I.1 Net RBI Credit to |
|
Government Sector |
Government Sector |
Government |
|
(S.I.1.1 + S.I.1.2 + S.I.1.3+ |
(S.I.1.1+S.I.1.2) |
(S.I.1.1+S.I.1.2) |
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S.I.1.4 + S.I.1.5- |
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S.I.1.6+S.I.1.7-S.I.1.8) |
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S.I.1.1 Net RBI Credit to |
S.I.1.1 Net RBI Credit to |
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the Central Government |
Central Government |
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(S.I.1.1.1 + S.I.1.1.2 + |
(S.I.1.1.1+S.I.1.1..2 + |
|
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
S.I.1.1.3 + S.I.1.1.4 + |
S.I.1.1.3 + S.I.1.1.4 + |
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|
S.I.1.1.5 - S.I.1.1.6) |
S.I.1.1.5-S.I.1.1.6) |
|
S.I.1.1 Loans and |
S.I.1.1.1 Loans and |
S.I.1.1.1 Loans and |
|
Advances to the Central |
Advances to the Central |
Advances to the Central |
|
Government |
Government |
Government |
|
S.I.1.2 Bills Purchased |
S.I.1.1.2 Bills Purchased |
S.I.1.1.2 Bills Purchased |
|
and Discounted |
and Discounted |
and Discounted |
|
S.I.1.3 Investments in |
S.I.1.1.3 Investments in |
S.I.1.1.3 Investments in |
|
Treasury Bills |
Treasury Bills |
short-term1 Central |
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|
Government securities |
|
S.I.1.4 Investments in |
S.I.1.1.4 Investments in |
S.I.1.1.4 Investments in |
|
Government of India |
Central Government |
long-term2 Central |
|
Securities |
Securities |
Government Securities |
|
S.I.1.5 Rupee coins held |
S.I.1.1.5 Rupee coins |
S.I.1.1.5 Rupee coins |
|
by the RBI |
held by the RBI |
held by the RBI |
|
S.I.1.6 Deposits of the |
S.I.1.1.6 Deposits of the |
S.I.1.1.6 Deposits of the |
|
Central Government with |
Central Government with |
Central Government with |
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the RBI |
the RBI |
the RBI |
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|
S.I.1.2 Net RBI credit to |
S.I.1.2 Net RBI credit to |
|
|
the State Government |
the State Government |
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|
(S.I.1.2.1-S.1.2.2) |
(S.I.1.2.1-S.I.1.2.2) |
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S.I.1.7 Loans and |
S.I.1.2.1 Loans and |
S.I.1.2.1 Loans and |
|
Advances to State |
Advances to State |
Advances to State |
|
Governments |
Governments |
Governments |
|
S.I.1.8 Deposits of State |
S.I.1.2.2 Deposits of |
S.I.1.2.2 Deposits of |
|
Governments |
State Governments |
State Governments |
|
S.I.2 Other Banks’ credit |
S.I.2 Other Banks’ credit |
S.I.2 Credit to |
|
to Government (S.I.2.1 + |
to Government |
Government by the |
|
S.I.2.2) |
(=S.I.2.1) |
Banking System (S.I.2.1 |
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+ S.I.2.2) |
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S.I.2.1 Other Banks’ |
S.I.2.1 Other Banks’ |
S.I.2.1 Investments in |
Treasury Bills are to be |
investments in |
investments in |
short-term Government |
valued at carrying cost. |
Government securities |
Government securities |
securities by the |
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Banking System |
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S.I.2.2 Investments in |
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long-term2 Government |
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securities by the |
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Banking System |
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S.I.2.2 Government’s |
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Government’s currency |
Currency Liabilities to the |
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liabilities to the Public |
Public adjusted for |
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were carved out as an |
balances in treasuries |
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independent source of |
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money stock in October |
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1962. |
S.II. Total Bank Credit to |
S.II. Total Bank Credit to |
S.II. Bank Credit to |
The nomenclature |
Private Sector |
Commercial Sector |
Commercial Sector |
“private sector” was |
(S.II.1+S.II.2) |
(S.II.1+S.II.2) |
(S.II.1+S.II.2) |
changed into “commercial |
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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sector” in 1970, as bank |
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credit included credit |
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given to commercial/ |
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manufacturing |
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enterprises in the public |
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sector too. |
S.II.1 RBI Credit to |
S.II.1 RBI Credit to |
S.II.1 RBI Credit to |
|
Private Sector |
Commercial Sector |
Commercial Sector |
|
(S.II.1.1+S.II.1.2) |
(S.II.1.1+S.II.1.2+S.II.1.3) |
(S.II.1.1+S.II.1.2+S.II.1.3) |
|
S.II.1.1 RBI’s investments |
S.II.1.1 RBI’s |
S.II.1.1 RBI’s |
|
in shares/bonds of |
investments in shares/ |
investments in shares/ |
|
financial institutions, |
bonds of financial |
bonds of financial |
|
ordinary debentures of co- |
institutions, ordinary |
institutions, ordinary |
|
operative sectors, Central |
debentures of co- |
debentures of co- |
|
Land Mortgage Bank |
operative sectors, CLMB |
operative sectors, CLMB |
|
(CLMB) debentures etc. |
debentures etc. |
debentures etc. |
|
S.II.1.2 Loans to financial |
S.II.1.2 Loans to |
S.II.1.2 Loans to |
On the establishment of |
institutions |
financial institutions |
financial institutions |
National Bank for |
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Agriculture and Rural |
|
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|
Development (NABARD) |
|
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on July 12, 1982, certain |
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assets and liabilities of |
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the RBI were transferred |
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to NABARD, necessitating |
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some reclassification of |
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aggregates on the sources |
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side of money stock since |
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that date. The WGMS |
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|
recommended the |
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|
reclassification of the |
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RBI’s refinance to |
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NABARD as credit to |
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commercial sector rather |
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than as claims on banks |
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as had been the practice |
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hitherto. |
|
S.II.1.3 Internal Bills |
S.II.1.3 Internal Bills |
With the introduction of |
|
(under Bills |
(under Bills |
the Bills Rediscounting |
|
Rediscounting Scheme) |
Rediscounting Scheme) |
Scheme, the commercial |
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banks started discounting |
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the internal bills with the |
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RBI which have been |
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included in the RBI credit |
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to commercial sector |
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since June 1971. |
S.II.2 Other Banks’ net |
S.II.2 Other Banks’ |
S.II.2 Credit to the |
|
credit to Private Sector |
credit to Commercial |
Commercial Sector by |
|
(S.II.2.1 + S.II.2.2-S.II.2.3 |
Sector (S.II.2.1 + |
the Banking System |
|
-S.II.2.4-S.II.2.5) |
S.II.2.2) |
(S.II.2.1 + S.II.2.2+ |
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S.II.2.3 + S.II.2.4) |
|
S.II.2.1 Bank Credit |
S.II.2.1 Bank Credit |
S.II.2.1 Bank Credit |
Includes loans, cash |
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credit and overdrafts and |
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internal and foreign bills |
|
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purchased and |
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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|
|
discounted of SCBs, |
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|
|
RRBs. |
S.II.2.2 Other |
S.II.2.2 Other |
S.II.2.2 Investments in |
|
Investments |
Investments |
other Approved |
|
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|
Securities |
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S.II.2.3 Other |
Include investments in |
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Investments |
securities which are not |
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approved for maintenance |
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of statutory liquidity ratio |
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(SLR) such as |
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Commercial Papers, units |
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of UTI and mutual funds |
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and shares/debentures/ |
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bonds of the public and |
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private non-bank sector. |
S.II.2.3. Net inter-bank |
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|
As data for central and |
Liabilities |
|
|
primary co-operative |
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|
banks were not included |
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in money supply, the |
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FWG had adjusted bank |
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credit for net inter-bank |
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|
liabilities. These were, |
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however, treated as part |
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of net non-monetary |
|
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|
liabilities by the SWG on |
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|
extension of full coverage |
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to the co-operative sector. |
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|
The FWG had adjusted |
S.II.2.4 Loans from |
financial institutions |
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bank credit against loans |
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from select financial |
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institutions which |
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received refinance from |
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the RBI which had |
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already been reckoned in |
|
|
|
the RBI credit to the |
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|
|
commercial sector. The |
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SWG did away with this |
|
|
|
adjustment as it was |
|
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|
argued that these FIs had |
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|
substantial access to |
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sources of funds other |
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|
than those from the RBI. |
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S.II.2.4 Net lending to |
Banks’ net lendings to |
|
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Primary Dealers |
PDs, net of their call |
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|
borrowings from PDs, are |
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part of net inter-bank |
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|
assets under the present |
|
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|
reporting format. |
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|
However, as the banking |
|
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|
sector in money supply |
|
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|
excludes PDs, this item |
|
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|
was included as part of |
|
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|
credit from the banking |
|
|
|
system by the WGMS. |
First Working Group(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
S.II.2.5 Time deposits |
|
|
This adjustment was |
held by Banks (including |
|
|
considered necessary |
inter-bank time deposits |
|
|
since the FWG was |
held by state co-operative |
|
|
concerned with M1. The |
banks) |
|
|
presentation of data on |
|
|
|
bank credit to |
|
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|
commercial sector on net |
|
|
|
basis was changed into |
|
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|
gross basis in May 1974, |
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|
as (i) time deposits are |
|
|
|
used not only for |
|
|
|
financing bank credit to |
|
|
|
commercial sector but |
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|
also for lending to the |
|
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|
Government and (ii) these |
|
|
|
are not owned by |
|
|
|
commercial enterprises |
|
|
|
who largely borrow from |
|
|
|
banks. |
S.III Net Foreign |
S.III Net Foreign |
S.III Net Foreign |
|
Exchange Assets of the |
Exchange Assets of the |
Exchange Assets of the |
|
Banking Sector |
Banking Sector |
Banking Sector |
|
(S.III.1+S.III.2) |
(S.III.1+S.III.2) |
(S.III.1+S.III.2) |
|
S.III.1 Net Foreign |
S.III.1 Net Foreign |
S.III.1 Net Foreign |
|
Exchange Assets of the |
Exchange Assets of the |
Exchange Assets of the |
|
RBI (S.III.1.1 + S.III.1.2 + |
RBI (S.III.1.1 + S.III.1.2 + |
RBI (S.III.1.1 + S.III.1.2- |
|
S.III.1.3-S.III.1.4-S.III.1.5) |
S.III.1.3-S.III.1.4- |
S.III.1.3+S.III.1.4) |
|
|
S.III.1.5) |
|
|
S.III.1.1 Gold Coin and |
S.III.1.1 Gold Coin and |
S.III.1.1 Gold Coin and |
Inclusive of valuation of |
Bullion |
Bullion |
Bullion |
Gold following its |
|
|
|
revaluation close to |
|
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international market |
|
|
|
price effective October 17, |
|
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1990. Such revaluation |
|
|
|
has a corresponding |
|
|
|
effect on Reserve Bank’s |
|
|
|
net non-monetary |
|
|
|
liabilities (capital |
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|
|
account) |
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|
S.III.1.2 Foreign |
Since July 1996, foreign |
|
|
Currency Assets of the |
currency assets are being |
|
|
RBI(S.III.1.2.1+S.III.1.2.2) |
valued at the exchange |
|
|
|
rate prevailing at the end |
|
|
|
of every week. Such |
|
|
|
revaluation has a |
|
|
|
corresponding effect on |
|
|
|
Reserve Bank’s net non- |
|
|
|
monetary liabilities |
|
|
|
(capital account). |
|
S.III.1.2 Foreign |
|
Certain foreign securities |
S.III.1.2 Foreign |
Securities |
S.III.1.2 Foreign |
|
Securities |
|
Securities |
e.g., IBRD shares, |
|
|
|
Commonwealth bonds |
|
|
|
etc. which were part of |
|
|
|
RBI’s claims on |
First Working Group FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
Government were |
|
|
|
reclassified as part of its |
|
|
|
foreign assets by the |
|
|
|
SWG. |
S.III.1.3 Balances held |
S.III.1.3 Balances held |
S.III.1.2.2 Balances held |
|
abroad |
abroad |
abroad |
|
S.III.1.4 IMF A/c No.1 |
S.III.1.4 IMF A/c No.1 |
S.III.1.3 IMF A/c No.1 |
|
S.III.1.5 Special Currency |
S.III.1.5 Quota |
S.III.1.4 Quota |
|
withdrawn from Gulf |
subscription in rupees. |
subscription in rupees. |
|
States held under Other |
|
|
|
deposits of the RBI if any. |
|
|
|
S.III.2 Net Foreign |
S.III.2 Net Foreign |
S.III.2 Net Foreign |
|
Exchange Assets of |
Exchange Assets of |
Currency Assets of |
|
Banking System |
Banking System |
Banking System(S.III.2.1- |
|
|
(Authorised Dealers’ |
S.III.2.2-S.III.2.3) |
|
|
Balances) |
|
|
|
|
S.III.2.1 Foreign |
Includes balances held |
|
|
Currency Assets of the |
abroad (i.e., the cash |
|
|
Banking System |
component of nostro |
|
|
|
accounts, etc.) and |
|
|
|
investments in eligible |
|
|
|
foreign securities and |
|
|
|
bonds. |
|
|
S.III.2.2. Overseas |
|
|
|
Borrowings of the |
|
|
|
Banking System |
|
|
|
S.III.2.3 Non-Resident |
|
|
|
Repatriable Foreign |
|
|
|
Currency Fixed Deposits |
|
|
|
with the Banking System |
|
|
|
(C.II.2.2.1+C.II.2.3.1) |
|
|
S.IV. Government’s |
S.IV. Government’s |
Net of Indian currency |
|
Currency Liabilities to |
Currency Liabilities to |
returned by Pakistan |
|
the Public |
the Public |
awaiting adjustment. |
S.IV. Net non-monetary |
S.V. Net non-monetary |
S.V. Capital Account of |
The WGMS has |
Liabilities of the Banking |
Liabilities of the Banking |
the Banking Sector |
bifurcated the non- |
Sector (S.IV.1+S.IV.2) |
Sector (S.V.1+S.V.2) |
(S.V.1+S.VI.2) |
monetary liabilities of the |
|
|
|
banking sector into the |
|
|
|
capital account and other |
|
|
|
items (net). |
S.IV.1 Net non-monetary |
S.V.1 Net non-monetary |
S.V.1 Capital Account of |
|
Liabilities of the RBI |
Liabilities of the RBI |
the RBI (S.V.1.1 + |
|
(S.IV.1.1 + S.IV.1.2 + |
(S.V.1.1 + S.V.1.2 + |
S.V.1.2 + S.V.1.3 + |
|
S.IV.1.3 + S.IV.1.4 + |
S.V.1.3 + S.V.1.4 + |
S.V.1.4 + S.V.1.5 + |
|
S.IV.1.5 - S.IV.1.6 + |
S.V.1.5 + S.V.1.6 + |
S.V.1.6) |
|
S.IV.1.7) |
S.V.1.7 + S.V.1.8 - |
|
|
|
S.V.1.9) |
|
|
S.IV.1.1 Paid-up Capital |
S.V.1.1 Paid-up Capital |
S.V.1.1 Paid-up Capital |
|
S.IV.1.2 Reserves |
S.V.1.2 Reserves |
S.V.1.2 Reserves |
|
First Working
Group(FWG) (1961)
|
Second Working Group(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on
Money Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
S.IV.1.3 Contributions to |
S.V.1.3 Contributions to |
S.V.1.3 Contingency |
|
National Funds |
National Funds |
Reserves |
|
S.IV.1.4 Bills Payable |
S.V.1.4 RBI Employees’ |
S.V.1.4 Exchange |
|
|
Pensions/ Provident/ |
Fluctuation Reserve / |
|
|
Guarantee Funds |
Currency and Gold |
|
|
|
Revaluation Account |
|
S.IV.1.5 Other Liabilities |
S.V.1.5 Compulsory |
S.V.1.5 Exchange |
|
|
Deposits with the RBI |
Equalisation Account |
|
S.IV.1.6 Other Assets net |
S.V.1.6 Bills Payable |
S.V.1.6 Contributions to |
|
of Gold in Banking |
|
National Funds |
|
Department |
|
|
|
S.IV.1.7 Indian currency |
S.V.1.7 Other Libabilities |
|
|
returned by Pakistan |
|
|
|
awaiting adjustment |
S.V.1.8 IMF Quota |
|
|
|
Subscription and other |
|
|
|
payments in rupees |
|
|
|
included in IMF A/c No.1 |
|
|
|
S.V.1.9 Other Assets net |
|
|
|
of Gold in Banking |
|
|
|
department |
|
|
|
|
S.V.2 Capital Account of |
|
|
|
the Banking System |
|
|
|
(S.V.2.1+S.V.2.2)S.V.2.1 |
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Paid-up Capital S.V.2.2 |
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Reserves |
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S.IV.2 Non-identifiable |
S.V.2 Net non-monetary |
S.VI. Other items (net) of |
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net non-monetary |
liabilities of the Banking |
the Banking Sector |
|
liabilities of other Banks |
System (residual) |
(S.VI.1 + S.VI.2) |
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(residual) |
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S.VI.1 Other items (net) |
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of the RBI (S.VI.1.1 + |
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S.VI.1.2 + S.VI.1.3+ |
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S.VI.1.4 - S.VI.1.5- |
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S.VI.1.6 - S.VI.1.7+ |
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S.VI.1.8- S.VI.1.9) |
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S.VI.1.1 RBI Employees’ |
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Pensions/ Provdent/ |
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Guarantee Funds |
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S.VI.1.2 Compulsory |
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Deposits with the |
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RBIS.VI.1.3 Bills Payable |
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S.VI.1.4 Other Liabilities |
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Excludes contingency |
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reserve, exchange |
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fluctuation reserve and |
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exchange equalization |
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account which now form |
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part of capital account |
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and are, therefore, |
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adjusted. |
First Working Group
(FWG) (1961) |
Second Working Group
(SWG) (1977) |
Working Group on Money
Supply (WGMS) (1998) |
REMARKS |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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S.VI.1.5 Contingency |
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ReservesS.VI.1.6 |
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Exchange Fluctuation |
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Reserve / Currency and |
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Gold Revaluation |
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Account |
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S.VI. 1.7 Exchange |
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Equalisation Account |
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S.VI.1.8 IMF Quota |
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Subscription and other |
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payments in rupees |
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included in IMF A/c No.1 |
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S.VI.1.9 Other Assets net |
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of Gold in Banking |
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department |
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S.VI.2 Other items (net) |
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of the Banking System |
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(residual) |
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1. Of contractual maturity of one year or less.
2. Of contractual maturity of above one year.
Source:
Report of the Working Group on Money Supply: Analytics and Methodology of Compilation (Chairman:
Dr. Y.V. Reddy) (1998), Reserve Bank of India. |
References
Report of the Second Working Group (Chairman M. L. Ghosh) on “Money Supply in India: Concepts, Compilation and Analysis”, Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, 1977.
Report of the Working Group (Chairman Y. V. Reddy) on “Money Supply: Analytics and Methodology of Compilation”, Reserve Bank of India, Mumbai, June 1998. |